论北军的总指挥是大将军还是北军中侯？
历山学士提出过一个比较独特的见解：东汉大将军营五部，其实统领的就是常驻首都的北军五校。
某位自诩文理精通的网络三国达人，旋即大加驳斥：北军的领导是北军中侯，大将军另有五部，还有别部。所依据者，《百官志》云云：北军中侯，掌监北军；又大将军营五部...
此人断章取义之癖，俺早已见怪不怪，只是这次的山寨三国却着实雷了俺一回：精通文理？还是连中学古文都看不懂？？
北军中侯执掌监督北军各营的职能，不仅俸禄（600石），职能也和州刺史监督郡太守的性质一样。下级监督上级，是中央集权的老把戏。营校尉，部司马，曲侯，屯长，一个中侯如无中央特别战时委任，平时岂有指挥五校尉（2000石）兵马的大权？掌监北军，何时变成了北军总指挥的意思？
大将军营五部的原文如下：
将军，不常置。本注曰：掌征伐背叛。比公者四：第一大将军，次骠骑将军，次车骑将军，次卫将军。又有前、后、左、右将军... ... 其领军皆有部曲。大将军营五部，部校尉一人，比二千石；军司马一人，比千石。部下有曲，曲有军候一人，比六百石。曲下有屯，屯长一人，比二百石。其不置校尉部，但军司马一人。又有军假司马、假候，皆为副贰。其别营领属为别部司马，其兵多少各随时宜。门有门侯。其余将军，置以征伐，无员职，亦有部曲、司马、军候以领兵 ... ... 明帝初置度辽将军，以卫南单于众新降有二心者，后数有不安，遂为常守。
很清楚，两次提及，将军者，只有在领军征伐时，才有部曲，即有固定编制的部队。真正长期手握重兵的是度辽将军。
大将军出征，统五部，如有其它营属，则为别部司马。其余中小将军，出征时的部下编制近似，兵力多少各随时宜。京城北军是常备部队，大将军手上哪里另有常年供驱策的五部？！两汉首都的禁卫体系，所有武装部队，史籍记载很详尽：南北军/北军，城门校尉，卫尉，五官中郎（虎贲羽林），光禄勋，执金吾等，凭空多出大将军麾下的五部人马，少说几千的兵力，那还了得？
其实这一类的总结资料，看当代学者甚至老外的著作也就够了，信手引一段Bielenstein（汉学家，著有《汉代官僚体制》等）的文字：
The men of the Northern Army北军 were professional, skilled soldiers,who could be sent to any point of danger or disturbance as stiffening toforces recruited locally. The numbers were not great: each regiment had anofficial complement of some 700 men with between 60 and 120 juniorofficers. Below the colonel, the second-in-command was a Major (sima司马),with rank/salary of One Thousand shi（1000石）; the Chang River regiment长水校尉, whosetroopers were recruited from Wuhuan乌桓 and other non-Chinese auxiliaries, hadan additional 别部Major of Barbarian Cavalry (huji sima胡骑司马).
The Captain of the Centre of the Northern Army北军中侯, as his rankimplies, had no authority to give orders to colonels of regiments无权对校尉发号施令: his position was that of an adjutant and supervisor副官监督作用. Officially, command of theforce was in the hands of a General (指挥权归将军), usually the General-in-Chief (通常是大将军)... ... Command of the Northern Army was designed to confirm and consolidatetheir political power at court and in the capital 北军之统帅权同时也确立了大将军在朝廷的政治实力。
As in the Northern Army at the capital, an army in the field (战时）was organised into regiments (ying营) commanded by colonels (xiaowei校尉), with battalions (bu部) under majors (sima司马), while there was provision for appointment of senior Majors with a Separate Command (biebu sima别部司马). We are also told of companies (qu曲) under captains (hou侯), and platoons (tun屯) under chiefs (tunzhang屯长), though these lower units and appointments are seldom referred to in the texts.
老外学者的中文口语当然远不及大山流利，但是专业的古汉语水平看来比某些一知半解的同胞还是绰绰有余的。
所谓的大将军营五部，是战时一般部队的编制而已，其余征伐的将军也可以有，并非京城里多出了一支专属大将军的部队。至于北军的总指挥权，从史籍中还是可以看出些端倪的：高后死，以吕禄为上将军，领北军，周勃赚取吕禄将印，赢得北军支持是倒吕政变的决定因素（当时的大将军是灌婴，出征在外，上将军一职不久废止）；卫青任大将军，部下驻北军；霍光出殡，北军送葬；汉末何进以大将军权倾朝野，提拔刘表出任北军中侯；灵帝为制衡外戚兵权，特别委任大太监蹇硕指挥一支新军，西园八校尉，并且荒唐地自命为"无上将军"，足见其对大将军威权之忌惮。
可知北军必然属某将军统领，而大将军做为国家军委主席，或直接或间接地都算得上是一只幕后黑手。
[ 本帖最后由 泼皮 于 2009-2-13 07:39 编辑 ]
|
