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原帖由 Maxwell 于 2009-3-13 08:40 发表
《东汉军阀的爪牙们》原名叫什么？
对不起哦，给了原版书名，俺的真实姓名就给搜索出来啦！在此还是保留隐私吧。主题内容是从原作的各章节七拼八凑归纳起来的，贴几段文字，欢迎批评：
节选自三国特色武官制简介：
1. Dudu都督 orCommander-in-Chief
Cao Cao introduced dudu,a new office in charge of large operations involving multiple chains ofcommand or military routines within a certain battle zone. His twoarchrivals soon followed the practice. A Commander-in-Chief’sjurisdiction ranged in size from a few provinces in the largest stateof Wei to one single commandery in the smallest kingdom of Shu whoseterritory was confined to one province only. The Commander-in-Chief wasan irregular appointment for the purpose of one campaign or theestablishment of one battle zone only. Bearers of this title held theirregular ranked offices, some as low as Deputy General.The system ofcommander-in-chief continued into future dynasties and survived atleast in name till early republican China.
2．The Four Generals Who Conquers, Fortifies,Subdues, and Pacifies
Besides thecontinuation of the eight tenured generalships of the Han, some sixteenout of a multitude of temporary generalships under the Three Kingdomsdeserve special attention. These were the four Generals Who Conquers,Fortifies, Subdues, and Pacifies with a directional suffix: zhengdong/xi/nan/bei jiangjun征東/西/南/北將軍, zhendong/xi/nan/bei jiangjun鎮東/西/南/北將軍, pingdong/xi/nan/bei jiangjun平東/西/南/北將軍, andong/xi/nanbei jiangjun安東/西//南/北將軍 etc. The first eight,collectively called the sizheng四征 and sizhen四鎮, often exercised chief commandership of a duduat one of the four battle fronts. Although still sort ofcontractually-limited, the Generals Who Conquers and Fortifies wereranked higher than those of the Van, Left,Right, and Rear, and in somecases, even the General of Chariots and Cavalry.Again, these werespecial appointments in accordance with wartime realities.
3. Standing Armies and Guards
Cao Cao established a Regiment of Martial Patrol wuweiying武衛營to guard his personal safety soon after he became the chancellor. Thefirst commander of this elite force, which outgrew the old FiveRegiments of the Eastern Han, will be introduced in Chapter Four. Foursimilar battalions joined the force of imperial guards during thereigns of the first two emperors of the Wei Dynasty. These units inaddition to a standing Internal Army or zhongjun中軍 in the fashion of the Northern and Southern Armies under the Han, protected the central government.An External Army or waijun外軍,subdivided into the left, right, and van, spread over all strategicareas of the empire under the usual command of the Generals WhoConquers, Fortifies, Subdues, and Pacifies. Keyposts at the InternalArmy were the Commissioner or hujun護軍, in charge of the election of military personnel inthe capital region, and the Director or lingjun領軍 as head of the Five Battalions and the Internal Army.
The Shu and Wu bothmaintained five armies of the van, rear, center, left, and right. TheShushared with the Wei a similar chain of command including theDirector,Commissioner, and a few other officers. Due to its riverinegeography, the kingdom of Wu boasted strong navy with monstrouswarships capable of carrying at least eighty horses. Meanwhile acomplex deployment of escorts ensured the safety of the emperors andthe central government, all with imposing names such as the FiveBattalions wuying五營, Five Regiments wuxiao五校, Trouble-solvers jiefan解煩, Daredevils gansi敢死, and Tiger Archers husheli虎射吏, etc.
4. Military Masters junshi 軍師
One of the mostpopular Three Kingdoms offices, the Military Master had a low profileEastern Han origin. At the fifth of the Nine-Rank system of officialhierarchy, it lacked prestige but somehow was significant as atransitory or auxiliary post occupied by some greatest names of theThree Kingdoms. Its most famous occupants were Xun You荀攸 (157-214), a senior mastermind ofCao Cao, and WeiYan魏延 (174-234), a veteran general of the Shu Han. Two variants of the Military Master, Director General of the Household junshi zhonglangjiang軍師中郎將 and Director General junshi jiangjun軍師將軍,were what prepared Zhuge Liang for his ultimate service as the regentchancellor of Shu Han. The exact nature of this office however, remainsunsettled between merely advisory to a lord or supervisory over suchimportant matters of an entire army as election, disciplines, andlitigations
5. Hereditary Soldiers, Allowance andInheritance of Semi-Private Troops
Historicalstatistics indicate that population during the Eastern Han civil warshad hit an all time low of documented Chinese civilization, at aroundten millions. Lives in a falling empire were cut short by natural andman-made disasters. Shortage of soldiers who wereoften lost faster thanfound troubled every warlord. A make-do remedy was theMilitaryHouseholds or shijia士家policy, created by Cao Cao and soon adopted by Liu Bei and Sun Quan.The basic idea was to regimentate a selected population into militaryhouseholds where sons were made soldiers and daughters the soldiers’brides in a hereditary manner. The government could therefore count onacontinuous flow of new blood for military services. More about thispolicy is covered in the next chapter.
A rather unique militarytradition in the state of Wu was the allowance andinheritance ofsemi-private troops. Meritorious vassals of the Sun’s were oftenentitled to a number of troops between a few hundreds to severalthousands as their semi-private properties: the troops along with anylordship were inheritable by their adult sons; the only exceptionsseemed to be the successors’ irrelevance to military occupation orcriminal convictions against them. Under these two circumstances thesemi-private troops were reclaimed by the government and free to bereassigned to other vassals. As a regime grown out of a network ofpowerful local clans in South China,it was an inevitable choice for theWu to remain the least centralized of the Three Kingdoms with, amongother things, its circumstantial delegations ofprivate troops. Similarpractices were a possibility in the peripheral Shu Han,but certainly aprohibition under the Wei whose heartland bureaucracy wouldhavediscouraged any attempts at decentralization.
[url=#_ftnref1]
[1][/url] Zhou Yu’s official rank wasDeputy Generalwhen he acted as the Commander-in-Chief in the battle ofRed Cliff. For more information about the system, see Zhang Xiaowen張小穩: 12-19.
[url=#_ftnref2][2][/url] The first appearance of this office is inWei Xiao (died 33)’s隗囂 biography HHS, ch. 13: 138-44.
[url=#_ftnref3][3][/url] The eighth century encyclopedia Tong dian通典attributedvarious supervisory powers to the military master in Xun You’s case.Nosuch evidence is found in historical documents closer to the dates oftheThree Kingdoms.
[url=#_ftnref4][4][/url] For comparative data, see Ge Jianxiong葛劍雄, one of the leading socio-geographical historians: Zhongguo renkoushi中國人口史, vol. 1.
以下节选自军旅百态章节：
The Soldiers’Women: Marriage and Prostitution
Soldiers under the Qin andWestern Han conscription system were civilians in peacetime:they made aliving, usually as farmers, artisans, or merchants, received periodicalmilitary training, paid active service on rotation as self-sufficientconscripts, and resumed their civilian life when off duty. Even withinthe bureaucracy of the central government, there was no tenuredgeneralship until the 100’s (the various ways of enlistment includingconscription and recruitment have been discussed in the previoussection). Marriage must not have been a difficultfulfillment for most men simply because soldiery was never a full timeoccupation. However, the rise of recruits and worse still, thehereditary soldiers or shijia, did seem to have introduced a massive population of bachelors desperate for a bride. As aforementioned, daughters and widows of the shijiawere alreadyobliged to marry and remarry their own kind as anaccountable source of wives.Still, the ragged armies of the Eastern Hanwarlords needed more ways to solvethe marriage problem for theirsoldiers whose dangerous life-long service made them the leastdesirable husbands. Plundering was a regular, though unofficialsolution. The Biographies of VirtuousWomen 列女傳 in the HHS contain records of incidents where women, as spoils of war, fought to death against rape and forced marriage.[url=#_ftn1][1][/url] One of the most infamous plunders was committed by the troops of Dong Zhuo:
“In the second month of 189, Dong’s troops ran into a peaceful gathering of townsfolk at the city of Yangcheng 陽城for an early spring festival. Dong let his troops attack the civiliancrowd. They beheaded all the males, took all the women and everythingvaluable… the women were later‘distributed’ to the soldiers as wives and consorts…”[url=#_ftn2][2][/url]
For women in a war-torn empire, what could be worse than forced marriage was still military prostitution. Althoughrecords usually shy at whether and how women used exclusively forintercourse were paid, given the context of extreme wartime destitutionwhich might as well have denied them of any payment butbasicsubsistence, prostitution seems less a misnomer than sex slavery. A peaceful family life was a luxury to most soldiers, and more often than not the women in their lives were not their legal spouses, but army prostitutes,known in Chinese as yingji 營妓. The late Ming dictionary, Zhengzi tong正字通, associated this term yingji with Emperor Wudi of Han, who was allegedly responsible for “the formal establishment of the yingji facility, to satisfy wifeless soldiers.” 漢武始置營妓，以待軍士之無妻室者[url=#_ftn3][3][/url]Atleast one of his generals, Li Ling was less than hospitable to femalepresence in the armies, which he considered as being in conflict with asupposedly macho unit. On one occasion he ordered an execution of allwomen, prostitutes or relatives of his soldiers.[url=#_ftn4][4][/url]Indication of yet centuries earlier similar practice is also foundin the Yuejue shu越絕書, an Eastern Han text stating that, during the 470’s, Gou Jian句踐 (r.497–465 BC),king of Yue越, once “sent widows guilty of misconduct to the mountains, so his sexually frustrated soldiers could play with these women and have their needs met輸有過寡婦於山上，使士之憂思者遊之，以娛其意.” [url=#_ftn5][5][/url] This actually sounds more like sex slavery, or an Eastern Han and earlier utilization of bad women in violation of proper widowhood.
The period in question was agood hostfor military prostitution. Incessant civil wars had left marriedsoldiers and their wives apart for years and single soldiers morelikely to remain single. In the warlords’ camps, prostitution was notonly a sanctioned presence, but also a legitimate reward. One famousrecipient of such reward was Xiahou Dun夏侯惇(died 220), Cao Cao’s veteran cousin who received prostitutes and female entertainers伎樂名倡inthe year 216. Cao Cao’s command on this occasion compared theworthiness of Xiahou Dun to that of an Eastern Zhou vassal who receivedmusical instruments from his lord for peaceful diplomacy with thewestern nomads.[url=#_ftn6][6][/url]This suggests that prostitutes could have been quite an exceptional honor to the warriors of the time.
Again, not everyone regarded women an honorable asset to the military, especially the civil bureaucracy.In 214, Cao Hong曹洪(died. 232),another veteran cousin of Cao Cao, hosted a banquet in celebration ofhis latest victory. A group of barely naked young women performedexotic dance. This was met with outright condemnation by one of theguests, a Grand Administrator who saw in female nudity in public theghost of ancient tyrannies. Ashamed, Cao Hong called off the showinstantly. What his women revealed in this case was indeed more thantheir bodies, but the Chinese civil-military duet on ideological andpractical keynotes: the military were patronized well with officialsanction of their less refined indulgence; the civil elites or shicould nonetheless dwarf them, even those of a higher command,into somesocial underdog by virtue of moral eloquence.[url=#_ftn7][7][/url]
[url=#_ftnref1][/url] Thewife of a certain Xu Sheng許升was one of such named virtuous women featured in HHS, ch. 84: 811-12.
[/url] Biographyof Dong Zhuo in SGZJZJY, ch. 6: 337.
[/url] Thislate Ming to early Qing dictionary contains twelve volumesand some 33000entries, most of which are abundantly annotated.
[4][/url]HS,ch. 54: 779-82.
[/url] Yuejue shu: 281.
[/url]The vassal was Wei Jiang魏絳 of Jin晉,Duke Xiang襄公, 11th year, Zuo Zhuan左传. Cao Cao sounded a bit sarcastic:a talons and fangs material likeXiahou Dun was not refined enough toappreciate musical instruments.Women, for sex and entertainment purposes, werea more suitable reward.
SGZJZJY,ch. 25: 1388. This incident clearly denies any distinctionbetweenprostitutes and female entertainers at a warrior’s service: ifCao Hong’s women performedexotic dance, they most certainly slept withhim as well.
[ 本帖最后由 泼皮 于 2009-3-13 11:24 编辑 ] |
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